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Esta es una referencia sobre el ingrediente, los componentes, la forma de acción y las tecnologías con las que han sido elaborados los productos de Enzacta dando una nueva esperanza en la salud preventiva o correctiva.
 
Está orientada principalmente a los profesionales de la salud (médicos, enfermeras, terapeutas, etc.) cuya respetable formación es objetiva y se fundamenta en hechos comprobados e investigaciones científicas. Así podrán corroborar los efectos benéficos de los productos de Enzacta; gracias a estas referencias podrán estar seguros de ofrecer a sus pacientes una alternativa segura y como un apoyo al tratamiento farmacológico, con nutrición ALFA (una millonésima de una parte) donde la Absorción es parte del proceso vital en la reconstrucción de la célula.

La mayoría de estas referencias fueron consultadas del sitio PubMed Central http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ el archivo gratuito digital de literatura biomédica y de ciencias de la vida, dependiente del Instituto Nacional de Salud (NIH) de los Estados Unidos.
 
Usted puede buscar y comprobar más referencias escribiendo en el buscador el tema; por ejemplo, "humic acid", "DHA", "schizandra chinensis", "purple rice", etc. Como siempre, mi trabajo de investigación consiste en estudiar, discernir y seleccionar los estudios.

ALFA PXP FORTE

Nota sobre los términos utilizados: ya que los polisacáridos son azúcares, (del griego Glukiz, la primera u se pronuncia como la u francesa) la traducción al latín y por ende a otras lenguas puede variar en la pronunciación, siendo de igual manera aceptadas las raíces gluco- y glico-.
Food and Drugs Administration, USA
Reconocimiento por parte de la FDA (Estados Unidos) al arroz, variedad que está incluida en Alfa PXP Forte:
Rice: FDA Approves Heart, Cancer Health Claim for Brown Rice. http://agfax.com/news/2008/05/brownrice0508.htm
 
Brown rice wins FDA health claim http://www.alfa-editores.com/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1655&Itemid=31
 
Lea la publicación original de la FDA http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/E8-9590.pdf
 
Estudios relacionados
Randell DJ, Byars A, Williams F, Miller L. University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX. Glyconutrient Supplementation in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis. PMID: 18973430 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Wang C, Szabo JS, Dykman RA. Rotman Research Institute, USA. Effects of a carbohydrate supplement upon resting brain activity. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 2004 Apr-Jun;39(2):126-38. PMID: 15759600
Lefkowitz DL, Stuart R, Gnade BT, Roberts E, Lefkowitz SS. Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA. Effects of a glyconutrient on macrophage functions. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000 Apr;22(4):299-308. PMID: 10689103
See DM, Cimoch P, Chou S, Chang J, Tilles J. University of California, Irvine, Department of Medicine, Orange 92668, USA. The in vitro immunomodulatory effects of glyconutrients on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1998 Jul-Sep;33(3):280-7. PMID: 9829439
Sayan, Sawatsri, MD. WanPhen Yankunthong, M. SC. "Polysaccharidae-peptid may prevent neuron vulnerability in human neuroblastoma cells"
J Bacteriol. 1963 November; 86(5): 1121-1122. PMCID: PMC278578 INACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT BY POLYSACCHARIDES. G. M. Pontieri, O. J. Plescia, and W. J. Nickerson Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Miquel J. An update on the mitochondrial-DNA mutation hypothesis of cell aging.  Mutation Research 275: 209-16, 1992.
Miquel J. An integrated theory of aging as the result of mitochondrial DNA mutation in differentiated cells. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 12: 99-117, 1991.
Miquel J, Economos AC, Fleming J and Johnson JE. Mitochondrial role in cell aging. Exp Gerontol 15: 575-91, 1980.
Mizuno Y, Ikebe S, Hattori N, Nakagawa-Hattori Y, Mochizuki H, Tanaka M and Ozawa Y. Role of mitochondria in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Biochima et Biophysica Acta
The Processing of a 57-kDa Precursor Peptide to Subunits of Rice Glutelin. Subodh C. Sarker, Masahiro Ogawa, Masa-aki Takahashi and Kozi Asada. The Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan
A Rice Family 9 Glycoside Hydrolase Isozyme with Broad Substrate Specificity for Hemicelluloses in Type II Cell Walls. Kouki Yoshida, and Kozo Komae. Plant and Cell Physiology 2006 47(11):1541-1554; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcl020
Isolation and Identification of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Arabinogalactan Proteins and Novel ß-Glucosyl Yariv-Reactive Proteins from Seeds of Rice  (Oryza sativa). Kiyoshi Mashiguchi, Isomaro Yamaguchi and Yoshihito Suzuki. Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
Rice endosperm-specific plastidial alpha-glucan phosphorylase is important for synthesis of short-chain malto-oligosaccharides. Hwang SK, Nishi A, Satoh H, Okita TW. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Mar 1;495(1):82-92. Epub 2010 Jan 4.PMID: 20045390
The rice alpha-amylase glycoprotein is targeted from the Golgi apparatus through the secretory pathway to the plastids. Kitajima A, Asatsuma S, Okada H, Hamada Y, Kaneko K, Nanjo Y, Kawagoe Y, Toyooka K, Matsuoka K, Takeuchi M, Nakano A, Mitsui T. Plant Cell. 2009 Sep;21(9):2844-58. Epub 2009 Sep 18.PMID: 19767453
Uncooked rice of relatively low gelatinization degree resulted in lower metabolic glucose and insulin responses compared with cooked rice in female college students. Jung EY, Suh HJ, Hong WS, Kim DG, Hong YH, Hong IS, Chang UJ. Nutr Res. 2009 Jul;29(7):457-61.PMID: 19700032
Inhibitory effects of polysaccharide extract from Spirulina platensis on corneal neovascularization. Yang L, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Chen P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu T, Xie L. Mol Vis. 2009 Sep 24;15:1951-61.PMID: 19784394
Antiinflammatory and antihyperalgesic activity of C-phycocyanin. Shih CM, Cheng SN, Wong CS, Kuo YL, Chou TC. Anesth Analg. 2009 Apr;108(4): 1303-10.PMID: 19299804
Enhancement of human adaptive immune responses by administration of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide extract from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. Løbner M, Walsted A, Larsen R, Bendtzen K, Nielsen CH. J Med Food. 2008 Jun;11(2):313-22.PMID: 18598175
Antiadhesive property of microalgal polysaccharide extract on the binding of Helicobacter pylori to gastric mucin. Loke MF, Lui SY, Ng BL, Gong M, Ho B. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007 Jul;50(2):231-8. Epub 2007 May 22.PMID: 17521357
Protective effects of polysacchride of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum thunbeergii on vascular of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Huang ZX, Mei XT, Xu DH, Xu SB, Lv JY. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Feb;30(3):211-5. Chinese. PMID: 15719643
Otras publicaciones:
Revista de Tecnología del MIT’s Technology Review ~October 2001. “Sugars Could be Biology’s Next Sweet Spot.” En esta edición la revista enfatiza el próximo campo de la biología que está esperando ser explotado: glicanos. Esta disciplina emergente busca mover azúcares y carbohidratos en la mira del desarrollo biomédico y desarrollo de medicamentos.
Science Magazine, Edición Especial. Una publicación de la Universidad de Stanford para la Asociación Americana para el Avance de la Ciencia. Science Magazine dedicó una edición de 200 páginas de la revista para educar a la comunidad científica y médica acerca de los gluconutrientes, glucobiología y glucociencia. 23 de Marzo de 2001.
Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) for Nonprescription Drugs and Dietary Supplements (Referencia de escritorio de Médicos para Medicamentos sin prescripción y Suplementos Dietéticos) es usada por 99% de médicos y profesionales de la salud antes de recomendar soluciones para sus pacientes, en los Estados Unidos. Los Gluconutrientes / Polisacáridos están enlistados para sistemas inmunológicos comprometidos.
Un estudio,conducido por el Hospital de la Real Armada Tailandesa y el Colegio de Medicina, en conjunto con el Centro de Investigaciones PMK de Bangkok, Tailanda y la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Emory, Atlanta, GA, investigaron el efecto protector de los polisacáridos péptidos del arroz en células neuronales expuestas a varias neurotoxinas.
Los resultados de estos estudios in-vitro mostraron que cuando las neurotoxinas fueron inducidas, causaban 100% de muerte celular y daño severo a dendritas, las fibras que se extienden del cuerpo de la célula. Cuando las neuronas fueron tratadas previamente con polisacáridos péptidos de arroz, mostraron diferentes niveles de supervivencia celular y recuperación aparente de dendritas de los daños de la neurotoxina dentro de las 48 horas siguientes. Este estudio sugiere que puede haber lugar para los polisacáridos péptidos del arroz en el apoyo y tratamiento de daños cerebrales y enfermedades.
Vic Brozas, Ejecutivo del Corporativo Enzacta desde el 2005 con base en las Filipinas, fue entrevistado para la publicación California Journal for Filipino Americans en su última visita a EE. UU. El artículo destacaba los grandes resultados que Alfa PXP Forte provee por medio del ataque al “Síndrome X”, a la vez que construye una energía física y mental duradera, así como vitalidad y salud. “California Journal for Filipino Americans” es una edición semanal escrita en inglés y distribuida a cientos de empresarios de origen filipino y que están establecidos en los Ángeles y Orange Counties. De acuerdo al censo realizado en el 2000, existe una población de 918,678 filipinos en California. El artículo ayuda al objetivo de Enzacta de crecer dentro de la comunidad filipina. www.cjfilam.com Elegir la edición Oct31-08
IBOBlast 23 de Mayo de 2008, Cita textual: "Desde hace 5 años, el Corporativo Enzacta innovó en la industria de la salud con un suplemento alimenticio a base de arroz. Los beneficios que aporta el Alfa PXP han sido comprobados por miles de personas en México y el mundo, dejando de manifiesto que estamos a la vanguardia en ofrecer a nuestros clientes los mejores avances tecnológicos y de desarrollo en productos para la salud. A pesar de algunas controversias en el tema, hoy finalmente la FDA ha reconocido que el arroz integral es benéfico contra enfermedades del corazón y algunos tipos de cáncer. Este es un evento gigantesco, aseguró Al Montna, director de la Federación de Arroz de Estados Unidos; además comentó: hoy el arroz integral se une a la lista de alimentos reconocidos como saludables. Lo que permitirá que muchos consumidores puedan incrementar el uso del arroz en sus dietas para reducir riesgos de enfermedades del corazón y algunos tipos de cáncer."
https://6617001.enzacta.com/Customer/iboblast/media/newiboblast/blast080523.htm
Harpers Biochemistry (Volume 24 Cap. 56). Desde 1996 estos azúcares han sido identificados en Bioquímica, de Harpers, Volumen 24, como glucosa, flucosa, manosa, galactosa, zylosa, anacitelo-glosamina, anacitelogalactosamina y ácido anacitelneromínico. “Comprensive research has led to the discovery of eight monosaccharides needed by every cell in the human body because all eight are required in the engineering and design of life that is coded in our genes.  These sugars are the worlds most powerful, essential carbohydrates and are necessary for proper cellular function and yet research has shown that only two, glucose and galactose are present in the modern diet.” (Traducción: "Investigación compresiva ha llevado al descubrimiento de 8 monosacáridos necesarios por cada célula en el cuerpo humano porque los 8 son requeridos en la ingeniería y diseño de vida que está codificado en nuestros genes. Estos azúcares son los más carbohidratos esenciales más poderosos del mundo y son necesarios para la correcta función celular y aún la investigación ha mostrado que solo dos, glucosa y galactosa, están presentes en la dieta moderna".) Este libro de texto médico (usado en las Universidades Médicas en los Estados Unidos), fue reescrito para incluir un nuevo capítulo sobre glicobiología.
Newsweek (April 25, 1994) presentó una historia que habló del poder de las sustancias en gliconutrientes (polisacáridos) para mejorar ciertos aspectos de las fallas en salud en los Estados Unidos.
Publicaciones médicas relacionadas
Mattson MP, Furukawa K, Bruce AJ, Mark RJ, Blanc E. Calcium homeostasis and free radical metabolism as convergence points in the pathophysiology of dementia. In: Wasco W. and Tanzi RE., editor. Molecular Mechanisms of Dementia. New Jersey: Humana Press. 1997; 103-43.
 
Calderon F, et al. PC12 and neuro 2a cells have different susceptibilities to acetylcholinesterase-amyloid complexes, amyloid25-35 fragment, glutamate, and hydrogen peroxide. J Neurosci Res 1999; 56: 620-31.
Munch G, et al. Microglial activation induces cell death, inhibits neurite outgrowth and causes neurite retraction of differentiated neuroblastoma cells. Exp Brain Res 2003; 150: 1-8.
Fabrizi C, Businaro R, Lauro GM, Starace G, Fumagalli L. Activated a2 macroglobulin increase b-amyloid (25-35) induced toxicity in LAN5 human neuroblastoma cells. Experimental Neurol 1999; 155: 252-9.
Behl C, Davis JB, Lesley R, Schubert D. Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity. Cell 1994; 77: 817-27.
Schubert D, Behl C, Lely R, Brack A, Dargusch R, Sagra Y, et al. Amyloid peptide are toxic via a common oxidative mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 1989-93.
Hansen MB, Nielsen SE, Berg K. Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth/cell kill. J. Immunol Meth 1989; 119: 203-10.
Whole Grain Consumer Awareness Telephone Survey conducted by Opinion Research Corporation, April 2008.
Betres-Marquez S.P., Jensen H.H., y Upton J.L. (2005) Trends in rice consumption and contribution of rice to the total diet of Americans. Abstract presented at the Texas Dietetic Association Meeting.
Fulgoni III, V.L., Fulgoni, S.A., Upton, J.L., y Moon, M. (2008) Rice consumption is associated with a greater nutrient density, lower blood pressure, decreased body weight, smaller waist circumference and a reduced risk for metabolic syndrome in adults. Experimental Biology meeting abstracts [on CD- ROM], Abstract #1081.
​

ALFA PXP ROYALE

Nota: Para Alfa PXP Royale aplican los estudios realizados a los polisacáridos péptidos (gliconutrientes) realizados a Alfa PXP Forte. Sin embargo, dadas las características del arroz morado de Alfa PXP Royale, cuyo color morado se debe al alto contenido en antioxidantes como la antocianina, la información se complementa con los siguientes estudios.
Yao Y, Sang W, Zhou M, Ren G. Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China. Antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of colored grains in China. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jan 27;58(2):770-4. PMID: 19904935
Molecular characterization of OsPAP2: transgenic expression of a purple acid phosphatase up-regulated in phosphate-deprived rice suspension cells. Hur YJ, Jin BR, Nam J, Chung YS, Lee JH, Choi HK, Yun DJ, Yi G, Kim YH, Kim DH. Biotechnol Lett. 2010 Jan;32(1):163-70. Epub 2009 Oct 17.PMID: 19838636
Elemental content in brown rice by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy reveals the evolution of asian cultivated rice. Zeng Y, Wang L, Du J, Liu J, Yang S, Pu X, Xiao F. J Integr Plant Biol. 2009 May;51(5):466-75. Epub 2009 Apr 8.PMID: 19508358
Characteristics of bread prepared from wheat flours blended with various kinds of newly developed rice flours. Nakamura S, Suzuki K, Ohtsubo K. J Food Sci. 2009 Apr;74(3):E121-30.PMID: 19397717
Antioxidant activities of purple rice bran extract and its effect on the quality of low-NaCl, phosphate-free patties made from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) belly flap meat. Min B, Chen MH, Green BW. J Food Sci. 2009 Apr;74(3):C268-77.PMID: 19397712
Delimitation of the PSH1(t) gene for rice purple leaf sheath to a 23.5 kb DNA fragment. Wang WY, Ding HF, Li GX, Jiang MS, Li RF, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yao FY. Genome. 2009 Mar;52(3):268-74.PMID: 19234555
Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants and their antioxidant activities in purple rice bran. Jang S, Xu Z. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Feb 11;57(3):858-62.PMID: 19138081
The anti-photooxidation of anthocyanins-rich leaves of a purple rice cultivar. Peng C, Lin Z, Lin G, Chen S. Sci China C Life Sci. 2006 Dec;49(6):543-51.PMID: 17312992
Genetic analysis and gene mapping of purple stigma in rice. Han L, Zhang T, Xu JD, Li Y, Wang XD, Wu XJ. Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 2006 Jul;33(7):642-6.PMID: 16875322
Anthocyanin composition in black, blue, pink, purple, and red cereal grains. Abdel-Aal el-SM, Young JC, Rabalski I. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Jun 28;54(13):4696-704.PMID: 16787017
Antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic activities of rice bran extracts in chemical and cell assays. Nam SH, Choi SP, Kang MY, Kozukue N, Friedman M. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Feb 9;53(3):816-22.PMID: 15686439
Cyanidin and Malvidin from Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo mediate cytotoxicity against human monocytic leukemia cells by arrest of G(2)/M phase and induction of apoptosis. Hyun JW, Chung HS. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Apr 21;52(8):2213-7.PMID: 15080622
Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanin Extract from Purple Black Rice. Ichikawa H, Ichiyanagi T, Xu B, Yoshii Y, Nakajima M, Konishi T. J Med Food. 2001 Winter;4(4):211-218.PMID: 12639403
Comparison of iron bioavailability from 15 rice genotypes: studies using an in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell culture model. Glahn RP, Cheng Z, Welch RM, Gregorio GB. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jun 5;50(12):3586-91.PMID: 12033833
The Purple leaf (Pl) locus of rice: the Pl(w) allele has a complex organization and includes two genes encoding basic helix-loop-helix proteins involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Sakamoto W, Ohmori T, Kageyama K, Miyazaki C, Saito A, Murata M, Noda K, Maekawa M. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 Sep;42(9):982-91.PMID: 11577193
Chemical test for mammalian feces in grain products: collaborative study. Gerber HR. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1989 Sep-Oct;72(5):766-9.PMID: 2808238
​

ALFA HFI
National Institute of Health, USA
En estudios conducidos en institutos de investigación, como el National Institutes of Health (NIH), el Southern Research Institute, Bethesda, MD. y la escuela de medicina de la University of Southern California, la capacidad de los ácidos húmicos para interferir con la replicación de virus y el apoyo al sistema inmunológico del cuerpo para erradicar los virus se ha observado en:
- Influenza y el resfriado común
- Hepatitis C
- Virus del Oeste del Nilo
- Herpes oral
- Herpes simplex
Específicamente la investigación del NIH mostró que el ácido húmico es muy efectivo al arrestar la replicación del virus de la influenza, sin importar la variante viral específica.
Virus de Fiebre hemorrágica. "As shown, the (Humic Acids) exhibited substantial efficacy against both hemorrhagic fever viruses….natural-product HA (Humic Acid) particularly so against Punta Toro A virus." National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health, August 2001 - January 2002
Virus de Herpes Simplex Tipos I y II. "It is therefore concluded that it is possible to test the anti-viral effects of all four (Humic Acid) compounds up to 500 ug/mL without any drug-related cytotoxicity." "Furthermore, three series of experiments were designed to explore the potential mechanisms of action. The first series of experiments demonstrated that all four compounds (of Humic Acid) can inactivate both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections with different anti-viral activities. The second series of experiments demonstrated that the compounds (of Humic Acid) can protect cells against HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. The third series of experiments demonstrated that the compounds (of Humic Acid) can interfere with the proliferation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 after the virus enters the cells." Meeta Patnaik, M.D., Senior Research Scientist; Hun-Chi Lin, PhD, Director, Clinical Trials Specialty Laboratories, Santa Monica, CA, August 1998
HIV-1. "…the ability to inhibit the replication of wild-type strains (of HIV-1) is an obvious (and, arguably, the most important) prerequisite in order that any HIV-1 drug be considered useful. The results obtained to date have shown that (natural) Humic Acid as well as synthetic humic acid(s) do, in fact, inhibit the replication of HIV-1 wild-type strains, in addition to assaulting in a unique way the intracellular replicative events of the virus." "It was found in this work that both synthetic as well as naturally-occurring humic substances extracted from soil are in fact capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication." Research team at USC School of Medicine, January, 1998.
"The Humates are potent inhibitors of acute HIV infection in antiviral evaluation models. The present studies point to an antiviral target occurring before proviral integration, possibly involving virus attachment and entry." "We were able to confirm antiviral activity for the Humates and define their potential antiviral target to the pre-integration phase of HIV replication, providing preliminary data that a portion of the antiviral activity is due to inhibition of virus attachment." Jim A. Turpin Ph.D., Manager Retrovirus Research Laboratory; Tracy Loftus, Supervisor Retrovirus Research Laboratory Southern Research Institute, September, 2000
"(Humic Acid) inhibited HIV-1 infection of MT-2 cells with an IC(50) of 12.5 microg/ml. Treatment of free and cell-attached HIV with (Humic Acid) irreversibly reduced infectivity, while the susceptibility of target cells to the virus was not impaired by treatment prior to infection. The infectivity of the HIV particles was inhibited by interference with CD4 binding and the V3 loop-mediated step of virus entry. No viral resistance to (Humic Acid) developed over a 12-week period in vitro. (Humic Acid) therefore holds promise for the treatment of HIV-infected patients." van Rensburg CE, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Dekker J, Enerkom (Pty) Ltd, Pretoria, South Africa; Weis R, Smith TL, Janse van Rensburg E, Schneider J.
"Humic acids are natural constituents of soil and ground water and mainly consist of mixtures of polycyclic phenolic compounds. (Humic Acid) inhibited HIV-1 infection of MT-2 cells with an IC50 of 50-300 ng/ml. Inhibition of HIV-induced syncytium formation was observed at 10-50 micrograms/ml. Treatment of free and cell-attached HIV with (Humic Acid) irreversibly reduced its infectivity. (Humic Acid) interfered with the CD4-induced proteolytic cleavage of the V3 loop of virion gp120SU. Furthermore, binding of V3 loop-specific antibodies was irreversibly inhibited, whereas binding of soluble CD4 to gp120SU on virus and infected cells was not affected. In conclusion, our data suggest, that the (Humic Acid) inhibits the infectivity of HIV particles by interference with a V3 loop-mediated step of virus entry." Schneider J, Weis R, Manner C, Kary B, Werner A, Seubert BJ, Riede UN. Abteilung Virologie, Institut fur Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene der Universitat, Freiburg, Germany.
"The anti-HIV-1 activity of the new humic acid derivative has been determined in vitro, and the serial passages at low concentrations have been performed to investigate the emergence of resistance to this drug candidate." "Our investigations were performed to find perspective compounds and their combinations to employ them in topical microbicides which possess the ability to block the HIV transmission on different stages of virus cell interaction. We have studied original compounds from different groups: sulfated chitosanes, humic acids and plant polyphenol derivatives." "The ED50 values of the humic acid derivatives against HIV-1 laboratory strain and HIV-1 M-tropic AZT-resistant wild-type strain were 0.85 and 3.5 mg/ml respectively, without appearance of any detectible resistance." "The new humic acid derivative is an effective inhibitor of various HIV strains. According to our data, this compound disorders HIV replication and yields defective un-infectious virions." Edward Karamov PhD, Director of Immunochemistry Group, Ivanovsky Inst. of Virology, Moscow, Russia
Viruses de Influenza. "…natural-product humate(s) (Humic Acid) were found to be quite effective against all three influenza viruses." National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID),
under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health, August 2001 - January 2002
Humic Acid inhibits the in-vitro replication of influenza virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells at concentrations of no cytotoxicity. The IC50 for Humic Acid was 48.61 +/- 7.32 microg/ml and 55.27 +/- 5.46 microg/ml respectively when the compound was added at the stage of viral adsorption or post-adsorption. Humic acid inhibits the endonuclease activity of viral RNA polymerase. Lu FJ, Tseng SN, Li ML, Shih SR. Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Pruebas de Toxicidad. "For each sample, three concentrations of test article (Humic Acid) were prepared… and each injected into the tail veins of 10 Swiss Webster mice… at dose levels of 50 mg/kg of body weight, 25 mg/kg, and 12.5 mg/kg… the mice were examined for symptoms of toxicity for 14 days. All animals survived the test, and in my opinion, the clinical observations made were not indicative of toxicity."Richard Schlesinger, Ph.D., D.A.B.F.T. BioScreen Testing Services, Inc., Torrance, CA, August 1998
"All (Humic Acids) evaluated were not cytotoxic at levels at least as high as 100 mg/mL…" National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health, August 2001 - January 2002
Los siguientes son extractos de: "Medical Aspects and Applications of Humic Substances" Acerca de la actividad antiviral de sustancias húmicas. Prof. Dr. Renate Klocking & Dr. rer. nat. Bjorn Helbig. Institute for Antiviral Chemotherapy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
Múltiples virus inhibidos. "Preliminary in-vitro studies with Coxsackie A9 virus, influenza A virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have already shown that (Humic Substances) are effective against both naked and enveloped DNA viruses (Klocking and Sprosig, 1972, 1975; Thiel et al., 1977)."
"Further investigations corroborate the ability of (Humic Acid) to inhibit selectively viruses for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and vaccinia virus (Schols et al., 1991; Neyts et al., 1992)."
Inhibición de Fusión Viral. "With most viruses, the inhibitory effect of (Humic Acid) is directed specifically against an early stage of virus replication, namely virus attachment to cells (Klocking and Sprosig, 1975; Schols et al., 1991; Neyts et al., 1992)."
"…it appears likely that the poly-anionic Humic Acids occupy positively charged domains of the viral envelope glycoproteins, which are necessary for virus attachment to the cell surface (Neyts et al., 1992)."
Herpes. "The effect of (Humic Acids) on an early stage of herpes virus replication has been confirmed by the results of animal experiments. The number of lesions in the cornea of HSV-1-infected rabbits was strongly reduced when a solution of the (Humic Acid) was applied into the conjunctival sac of the eye along with or immediately after the infectious agent."
"Current interest is directed to the prophylactic effect of (Humic Acids) on recurrent HSV infection."
"It is known that topical application of (Humic Acid) may significantly reduce or even completely suppress experimentally induced herpes in the mouse ear (Durre and Schindler, 1992), though the mechanistic basis of this effect remains to be elucidated."
VIH. "A low-molecular weight (Humic Acid) (HS 1500, M.W. = 1500 Daltons), was found to strongly inhibit HIV-1 in vitro (Schneider et al., 1996)."
No irritante. "Studies on the mechanism of action revealed virus penetration into host cells as the target of the anti-HIV-1activity. (Humic Acid) has passed a panel of pre-clinical tests including eye irritation according to Draize, as well as pregnancy risk in rats. Neither sensitizing nor irritating effects were detectable in concentrations of up to 10% HA (Wiegleb et al., 1993; Lange et al., 1996a,b).'
Conclusión. "Taken together, results so far show that HS are promising candidates for prophylactic rather than therapeutic use in the treatment of viral diseases."
NOTA: Esta conclusión está basada solamente en los estudios limitados referidos anteriormente. Estos estudios muestran que el Acido Humico actua primero como prevención porque interfiere con la capacidad del virus para adherirse y penetrar a una célula anfitriona para reproducirse posteriormente. Estudios científicos han demostrado que si una célula anfitriona es penetrada antes de la introducción del Acido Humico, el proceso de reproducción no se detiene pero, como siempre, después de que el virus se reproduce, la célula anfitriona libera los nuevos virus en el flujo sanguíneo; en este punto, si el Acido Humico está presente, puede prevenir que nuevas generaciones de virus invadan células anfitrionas adicionales. Esta es una acción terapéutica que la investigación anterior no verifica específicamente, por eso se concluye esta acción.
Bibliografía seleccionada de Reportes acerca de la eficacia antiviral del Ácido Húmico, recolectados en los últimos 25 años o más:
Investigations on the Viricidal Effects of Humic Acids in Peat-Mull; H. Schultz; Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr Jul. 1, 1965. 72(13), pp. 294-297.
Biochemical Study of Humus Action of a Proteolytic Enzyme on Natural and Synthetic Humic Polymers and Those of Microbial Origin. M. Robert Gero, et al; Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) Dec. 1967, 113(6), pp. 903-909.
Antiviral Properties of Humic Acids; R. Klocking, et al; Experientia May 15, 1972, 28(5), pp. 607-608.
In Vitro Studies of the Antiviral Activity of Ammonium Humate Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2; K.D. Thiel, et al; Zentralbl Bakteriol (Orig. A) Nov. 1977, 239(3), pp. 304-321.
Studies on the Antimicrobial Effect on Natural and Synthetic Humic Acids; R. Ansorg; et al; Arzneimittleforschung 1978, 28(12, pp. 2195-2198.
Antiviral Activity of Phenolic Polymers Against Type 1 Herpesvirus Hominis; R. Klocking, et al; Pharmazie Aug. 1978, 33(8), p. 539.
Results of an Oriented Clinical Trial of Ammonium Humate for the Local Treatment of Herpesvirus Hominus (HVH) Infections; F. Schiller, et al; Dermatol Monatsschr Jul. 1979, 165(7), pp. 505-509.
Comparison of the in Vitro Activities of Ammonium Humate and of Enzymically Oxidized Chlorogenic and Caffeic Acids Against Type 1 and Type 2 Human Herpes Virus;K.D. Thiel; et al; Pharmazie 1981, 36(1), pp. 50-53.
Effectiveness of Phenol Body Polymers Against Influenza Virus,R. Mentel, et al; A/KRASNODAR/101/59/H2N2; Biomed Biochim Acta 1983, 42(10), pp. 1353-1356.
Inhibition of Several Strains of Influenza Virus Type A and B by Phenolic Polymers; J. Hills; et al; Biomed Biochim Acta 1986, 45(9), pp. 1173-1179.
The Effect of Phenolic Polymers on Retroviruses; G. Sydow, et al; Pharmazie Dec. 1986, 41(12), pp. 865-868.
Synthesis and Characterization of Humic Acid-Like Polymers; K.I. Hanninen, et al; The Science of the Total Environment 1987, 62, pp. 201-210.
Interaction of Humic Acids and Humic-Acid-Like Polymers with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Humic Substances in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment, R. Klocking et al., New York; Springer-Verlag 1989, pp. 407-412.
Synthesis and Anti-Hiv Activities of Low Molecular Weight Aurintricarboxylic Acid Fragments and Related Compounds; M. Cushman, et al; Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1991, 34(1), pp. 337-342.
Interaction of Humic Acids and Humic-Acid-Like Polymers with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1; Humic Substances in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment, R. Klocking; Berlin 1991, pp. 408-412.
Selective Inhibitory Activity of Polyhydroxycarboxylates Derived From Phenolic Compounds Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication; D. Schols, et al; Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1991, 4(7), pp. 677-685.
Treatment of HIV Infection with Humic Acid; WO95/08335 - PCT; Mar. 30, 1995.
Inhibition of HIV-1 in Cell Culture by Synthetic Humate Analogues Derived From Hydroquinone: Mechanism of Inhibition; J. Schneider, et al; Virology 1996, 218(2), pp. 389-395.
Comparison of the Effect of Natural and Synthetic Humates and EDTA on the Growth of Escherichia coli; M. Jakubiec; et al; Abstract not available.
Seffner, W. "Effects of humic acid on the availability of iodine in the food, investigated with the histometric assessment of the thyroid gland". Conference Paper Mengen- und spurenelemente-15 Arbelstagund, 1995.
Bernacci, F. et al. "In vivo and in vitro mutagenicity studies on natural humic acid". Conference paper 37, Riunione scientifica, October 1991.
Gau, R. et al. "Induction of oxidative stress by humic acid through increasing intracellular iron; a possible mechanism leading to atherothrombotic vascular disorder in blackfoot disease". Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2001; Vol 283; Issue 4: 743-49.
Iubitskaia , NS . "Sodium humate in the treatment of osteoarthritis patients." Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 1999; Issue 5, 22-24.
Schiller, F. "Results of an oriented clinical trial of ammonium humate for the local treatment of herpesvirus hominis (HVH) infections". Dermatol Monatsschr, 1979, Vol. 165; Issue 7; 505-09.
Riede, U.N. "Humate induced activation of human granulocytes. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol, 1991; Issue 1: 27-34.
Herzig, I. "The effect of sodium humate on cadmium deposition in the organs of chickens". Vet Med, 1994, Vol 39; Issue 4; 175-85.
Hampi, I, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of sodium humate in chickens". Vet Med, 1994; Vol 39, Issue 6; 305-313.
Schneider, J, et al. "Inhibition of HIV-1 in cell culture by synthetic humate analogues derived from hydroquinone; mechanism of inhibition". Virology, 1996; Vol 218, Issue 2, 389-95.
Thiel, KD, et al. "In vitro studies of the antiviral activity of ammonium humate against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2". Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1977; Vol. 239, Issue 3, 304-321.
Laub, R. "The chemically induced inhibition of HSV infection". Laub BioChem Corp., August 1998.
Laub, R. "The chemically induced inhibition of HIV-1 replication". Laub BioChem Corp., January 1995.


ALFA ENERGY

http://www.thewalla
J.I.Rodale (1949), "The Healthy Hunzas". Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, 1949.
Ma Lan, Wallach JD (1994), "Rare earths, Forbidden cures". Wellness Publication. ISBN-10 0970149085
The Calcium Factor: The Scientific Secret of Health and Youth, Carl J. Reich, M.D., Gilliland Printing Inc., Arkansas City, Kansas, 1996.
"When you drink alkaline water, you are drinking water with excess oxygen, not in the form of O2, but in the form of OH- which is very stable because it is mated with positively ionized alkaline minerals. Two of these hydroxyl ions can form a water molecule (H2O) and give out one oxygen atom. The alkaline mineral is used to rebalance acid compounds and when that happens the hydroxyl ion is freed to supply excess oxygen to the cells." ("Cuando usted bebe agua alcalina, usted está bebiendo agua con oxígeno adicional, no en la forma de O2, sino en la fomra de OH-, que es muy estable porque está acoplado con minerales alcalinos ionizados positivamente. Dos de estos iones hidroxílicos pueden formar una molécula de agua (H2O) y aportar un átomo de oxígeno.
El mineral alcalino es usado para volver a balancear los compuestos ácidos; cuanto sucede, el ion hidroxílico es liberado para suplir oxígeno adicional a las células") Reverse Aging, Sang Whang, 1990, page 51
“The China Study”, by T. Colin Campbell, PhD and Thomas M. Campbell
Shaw, Patricia, ed. Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy!  Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Publishing Co.,1997.
Remer, T. "Influence of diet on acid-base balance." Seminars in Dialysis 13, no. 4 (2000): 221-226.
Impact of the structuredness of water on the formation of its biological activity against leukocyte phagocytic activity and cell-mediated immunity. Fedoseeva VN, Mikhai(lova RI, Savostikova ON, Alekseeva AV, Kamenetskaia DB. Gig Sanit. 2009 Sep-Oct;(5):82-4. Russian. PMID: 20000096
Hunters of the Ice Age: The biology of Upper Paleolithic people. Holt BM, Formicola V. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008;Suppl 47:70-99. Review.PMID: 19003886
A comparative analysis of the role of water in the binding pockets of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Vijayan R, Sahai MA, Czajkowski T, Biggin PC. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Sep 20. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20856958
Ion channels in toxicology.Restrepo-Angulo I, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Camacho J. J Appl Toxicol. 2010 Aug;30(6):497-512.PMID: 20583319
NMR Study of the structure and self-association of core peptide in aqueous solution and DPC micelles. Zheng G, Torres AM, Ali M, Manolios N, Price WS. Biopolymers. 2010 May 26. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20564020
The metabolic component of cellular refractivity and its importance for optical cytometry. Tychinsky V. J Biophotonics. 2009 Sep;2(8-9):494-504.PMID: 19644930
Structured water in partially dehydrated yeast cells and at partially hydrophobized fumed silica surface. Turov VV, Gun'ko VM, Bogatyrev VM, Zarko VI, Gorbik SP, Pakhlov EM, Leboda R, Shulga OV, Chuiko AA. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2005 Mar 15;283(2):329-43.PMID: 15721902
Importance of interfacial water in permeabilization of ceramide bilayers. Neitchev V, Kostova E, Dimitrov AS. Histol Histopathol. 1998 Jul;13(3):911-20. Review.PMID: 9690145
Successful therapy of heart disease by high potassium together with low sodium in accord with predictions from the associated cation, structured water concept of the cell. Cope FW. Physiol Chem Phys. 1979;11(1):93-4.PMID: 504367
Pathology of structured water and associated cations in cells (ther tissue damage syndrome) and its medical treatment. Cope FW. Physiol Chem Phys. 1977;9(6):547-53.PMID: 614594
Fluorescent probe environment and the structural and charge changes in energy coupling of mitochondrial membranes. Chance B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Oct;67(2):560-71.PMID: 5289010
The influence of pH and temperature on the limited rotational freedom of the structured water and lipid hydrocarbon chains of natural membranes. Cerbón J. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1970 Sep 15;211(3):389-95. No abstract available. PMID: 5456970
B12
B-vitamin therapy for diabetic nephropathy. Kadam S, Kulshrestha S, Swaminathan S. JAMA. 2010 Aug 11;304(6):636; author reply 636-7. No abstract available. PMID: 20699451
Half-baked? B vitamins and depression. Roberts SH, Bedson E, Tranter R. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug;92(2):269-70. Epub 2010 Jun 30. No abstract available. PMID: 20592129
Stunting and micronutrient deficiencies in malnourished children. Ejaz MS, Latif N. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010 Jul;60(7):543-7.PMID: 20578603
Serum B vitamin levels and risk of lung cancer. Johansson M, Relton C, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Midttun Ø, Nygård O, Slimani N, Boffetta P, Jenab M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fagherazzi G, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Weikert C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ros MM, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Agudo A, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Rodríguez L, Sánchez MJ, Larrañaga N, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Allen NE, Crowe F, Gallo V, Norat T, Krogh V, Masala G, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Rasmuson T, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Vineis P, Brennan P. JAMA. 2010 Jun 16;303(23):2377-85.PMID: 20551408
Recovery of neurologic dysfunction with early intervention of vitamin B12. Ahmed A, Kothari MJ. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2010 Jun;11(4):198-202.PMID: 20516808
Contribution of dietary intakes of antioxidants to homocysteine-induced low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in atherosclerotic patients. Seo H, Oh H, Park H, Park M, Jang Y, Lee M. Yonsei Med J. 2010 Jul;51(4):526-33.PMID: 20499417
Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, Dodd F, Jones E, Maggini S, Haskell CF. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Jul;211(1):55-68. Epub 2010 May 8.PMID: 20454891
Vitamin B supplementation to prevent neural tube defects? Latha V, Sridhar M. Indian Pediatr. 2010 Apr 7;47(4):361-2. No abstract available. PMID: 20431172
Folic acid to reduce neonatal mortality from neural tube disorders. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Modell B, Lawn J. Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Apr;39 Suppl 1:i110-21. Review.PMID: 20348114
The critical role of vitamin B12. Volkov I. Phys Sportsmed. 2008 Dec;36(1):34-41.PMID: 20048470
The controversial role of B-vitamins in cardiovascular risk: An update. Ntaios G, Savopoulos C, Grekas D, Hatzitolios A. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Dec;102(12):847-54. Review.PMID: 19963194
Homocysteine lowering with folic acid supplements in children: effects on blood pressure. Papandreou D, Malindretos P, Arvanitidou M, Makedou A, Rousso I. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010 Feb;61(1):11-7.PMID: 19939196
Plasma levels of B vitamins and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Le Marchand L, White KK, Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Selhub JS, Tiirikainen M, Goodman MT, Murphy SP, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Aug;18(8):2195-201.PMID: 19661077.
Acute homocysteine administration impairs memory consolidation on inhibitory avoidance task and
decreases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunocontent: prevention by folic acid treatment. Matté C, Pereira LO, Dos Santos TM, Mackedanz V, Cunha AA, Netto CA, Wyse AT. Neuroscience. 2009 Nov 10;163(4):1039-45. Epub 2009 Jul 18.PMID: 19619620
Dietary folate and vitamin B12 intake before diagnosis decreases gastric cancer mortality risk among susceptible MTHFR 677TT carriers. Galván-Portillo MV, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Pérez-Pérez GI, Chen J, Herrera-Goepfert R, Chihu-Amparan L, Flores-Luna L, Mohar-Betancourt A, López-Carrillo L. Nutrition. 2010 Feb;26(2):201-8. Epub 2009 Jul 3.PMID: 19577428
B vitamins may protect against macular degeneration. [No authors listed] Harv Womens Health Watch. 2009 May;16(9):6-7. No abstract available. PMID: 19557876
Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease: a treatable and reversible neurological disorder of childhood. Bindu PS, Noone ML, Nalini A, Muthane UB, Kovoor JM. J Child Neurol. 2009 Jun;24(6):750-2.PMID: 19491117
A novel role for vitamin B(12): Cobalamins are intracellular antioxidants in vitro. Birch CS, Brasch NE, McCaddon A, Williams JH. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Jul 15;47(2):184-8. Epub 2009 May 3.PMID: 19409980
Folic acid, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. Kronenberg G, Colla M, Endres M. Curr Mol Med. 2009 Apr;9(3):315-23. Review.PMID: 19355913
Dietary alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation ameliorates intestinal injury in lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets. Hou Y, Wang L, Ding B, Liu Y, Zhu H, Liu J, Li Y, Wu X, Yin Y, Wu G. Amino Acids. 2010 Jul;39(2):555-64. Epub 2010 Feb 2.PMID: 20127262
Creatine, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, amino acids, and medium-chain triglycerides and endurance and performance. Little JP, Forbes SC, Candow DG, Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008 Oct;18(5):493-508.PMID: 19033611
Nitroprusside intoxication: protection of alpha-ketoglutarate and thiosulphate. Yamamoto HA. Food Chem Toxicol. 1992 Oct;30(10):887-90.PMID: 1427511
Protection against cyanide toxicity by oral alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Dulaney MD Jr, Brumley M, Willis JT, Hume AS. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1991 Dec;33(6):571-5.PMID: 1808834
Alpha-ketoglutarate preserves protein synthesis and free glutamine in skeletal muscle after surgery. Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, von der Decken A, Vinnars E. Surgery. 1991 Jan;109(1):28-36.PMID: 1898624

 
ALFA DHA
Algunos estudios recientes sobre DHA
Alta presión arterial. Un estudio sobre hipertensión mostró que DHA pero no EPA disminuyó la presión sanguínea. Hypertension. 1999;34(2):253-60.
Cuando los triglicéridos son elevados. Un estudio en el American Journal of Clinical Nutrition mostró que DHA puede disminuir los triglicéridos. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:765-73.
El masivo Estudio de Corazón Framingham mostró que tomar DHA puede mejorar la función mental, reducir el declinamiento cognitivo y evitó el Alzheimer.
Un estudio publicado en "Archivos de Neurología" demostró que mayores niveles de DHA están asociados con un menor riesgo de demencia. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:1545-50.
Uno de los signos de un atleta de resistencia bien entrenado es un reducido latido de corazón en reposo. DHA (y no EPA ni un placebo) mostró reducir el latido del corazón por más de 3 latidos por minuto en un estudio de The Journal Hypertension. Hypertension. 1999;34(2):253-60.
DHA es necesario para la función de contracción rápida de la fibra muscular. Cualquier deportista del tipo de fuerza explosiva (o personal de operaciones especiales) deberían aumentar su ingesta de DHA. Am J of Physiological Endocrinology and Metabolism 279 (2000): E744-51
Para cualquier persona con problemas de vista, esta investigación ha mostrado que una dieta rica en DHA ayuda a prevenir la degeneración macular. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(9):1241-6
Niveles elevados de DHA están correlacionados con mayores metabolismos. Esta investigación es realmente sorprendente. Los investigadores encontraron que los animales con masa idéntica pudieran tener drásticamente diferentes tasas metabólicas, y mayores tasas metabólicas siempre fueron asociadas con mayores niveles de DHA. Journal of Theoretical Biology 199 (1999): 257-74; American Journal of Physiology 240 (1981): R3-9.
Los niños que tomaron suplemento de DHA pueden tener mayores índices de coeficiente intelectual. A pesar de que la inteligencia es dificil de medir y controlar, muchos estudios han mostrado una conexión. Hay que tener en cuenta que los investigadores, por naturaleza, no realizan conclusiones dogmáticas, pero los resultados en muchos estudios son muy impresionantes, sin inconvenientes para suplementar con DHA. Am J Clin Nutr 2009 Feb;89(2):678S-84S
DHA apoya el desarrollo neural del feto. De nuevo, mientras no es absolutamente concluyente, el grueso de la investigación sugiere una fuerte correlación entre los niveles de DHA y el desarrollo neural. Early Hum Dev. 2010 Feb 2; Am J Clin Nutr 2009 Feb;89(2):678S-84S.
Niveles de DHA asociados con los riesgos de Diabetes tipo II. Como se vió en los esquimales de Groenlandia en los 70s (altos niveles de DHA y baja ocurrencia de diabetes) y los indios Pima (bajo nivel de DHA y alta ocurrencia de diabetes). Allport, Susan, The Queen of Fats. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006; Lancet, June 5, 1971, p. 1144
DHA podría retardar o detener la progresión del cáncer de seno. Un estudio en el International Journal of Oncology concluyó que DHA podría retardar la "proliferación de células tumorales, y minimizar su potencial de metástasis" Int J Oncol. 2010 Mar;36(3):737-42.
DHA podría inhibir el crecimiento de tumor y proliferación en el cáncer colorrectal. Muchos estudios muestran una fuerte conexión en la capacidad de DHA para alterar la progresión del cáncer de colon. J Lipid Res 2008 Oct;49(10):2089-100; World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar 7;15(9):1079-84; Lipids 2009 Aug;44(8):673-83.
En Febrero de 2010, el American Journal of Clinical Nutrition publicó que un 70% de incremento en concentración de DHA en  membranas fue visto en tan poco como 1,200 mg. por día después de 8 semanas. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb. 3.
Otras investigaciones relacionadas
Ackman, R.G. 1999. Docosahexaenoic acid in the infant and its mother. Lipids 34:125-128.
Shahidi F., Seal fishery and product development. Science Tech Publishing Company, St. John's, Canada, 1998.
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British Nutritional Foundation. Report of the Task Force on Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Chapman and Hall, London, 1992.
Brockerhoff H. and Hoyle R.J. On the structure of the depot fats of marine fish and mammals. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 102: 452-455, 1963.
Brockerhoff H., Hoyle R.J. and Hwang P.C.: Positional distribution of fatty acids in the fats of a polar bear and a seal. Can. J. Biochem. 44: 1519-1525, 1966.
Brockerhoff H., Hoyle R.J., Hwang P.C. and Litchfield C.: Positional distribution of fatty acids in depot triglycerides of aquatic animals. Lipids 3: 24, 1968.
Burr M.L., Fehily A.M., Gilbert J.F., Rogers S., Holiday R.M., Sweetnam P.M., Elwood P.C. and Deadman N.M.: Effects of changes in fat, fish and fibre intakes on death and myocardial function: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet, ii: 757-762, 1989.
Christensen M.S. and Høy C.E.: Time-related incorporation of (N-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oil or fish oil into rat tissue phospholipids. Nutr. Res. 12: 1141-1154, 1992.
Christensen M.S., Moertimer B.C., Høy C.E. and Redgrave T.G.: Clearance of chylomicrons following fish oil and seal oil feeding. Nutr. Res. 15: 359-368, 1995.
Christensen M.S. and Høy C.E.: Effects of dietary triacylglycerols of resultant chylomicrons from fish oil and seal oil fed rats. Lipids 31: 341-344, 1996.
Commeau P.A.: Underwater worled: sealing a Canadian perspective. DFO/4311, UW/60E, Dep of Fish and Oceans, Ottawa, ON, 1989.
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Crawford, M. A. The role of Dietary Fatty Acids in Biology: Their Place in the Evolution of the Human Brain. Nutritional Reviews (1992), 50, 3-11.
Crawford, M.A., Doyle, W., Drury, P., Lennon, P., Costeleo, K., Leighfield, M. N-6 and n-3 fatty acids during early human development. Journal of Internal Medicine (1989) 225, 159-169.
Dar, E, Kanerak, M.S., Anderson, H.H., Sonzogni, W.C. Fish Consumption and Reproductive Outcomes in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Environmental Research (1992), 59, 189-201.
Dyerberg J.: Linoleate-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids and prevention of atherosclerosis. J. Nutr. Rev. 44: 125-134, 1986
Engelhardt F.R. and Walker B.L.: Fatty acid composition of the harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus (Phoca groenlandica). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 47; 169, 1974.
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Fitzhugh W.: “Indian and Eskimo/Inuit settlement history in Labrador; an archeological view.” In: Labrador Inuit Association; our footprints are everywhere. Nain, 1977.
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Gerth Mulvad and Henning Sloth Pedersen. Inuit Whaling, published by Inuit Circumpolar Conference. June 1992.
Gibson RA., Makrides M. The role of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in neonatal nutrition. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87: 1017-1022.
Grahl-Nielsen O. and Mjaavatten O.: Dietary influence on fatty acid composition of blubber fat of seal as determined by biopsy: a multivariate approach. Marine Biology 110: 59-64, 1991.
Harper V., MacInnes R., Campbell D., D., Hall M. Increased birth weigh in northerly islands. British Medical Journal (1991)303,166.
Illinworth, D and Ullmann D.: Effects of omega-3 fatty acid on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and diseases. Lees R.S. and Karel M. (eds), Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY, pp 39 -69, 1990. Page 9
Iverson S.J., Sampugna J. and Oftedal O.: Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides. Lipids 27: 870-878, 1992.
Jangaard P.M. and Ke P.J.: Principal fatty acids of depot and milk lipids from harp seal and hooded seal. J. Fish Res. Bd. Canada 25: 2419-2426, 1968.
Kanayasu-Toyoda T., Morita I., Murota S.: Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3), an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 54 (5): 319-325, 1996.
J. X. Kang and A. Leaf: Antiarrhythmic Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Circulation, 94 (1996), pp. 1774-1780.
Kinsella J.E.: Food components with potential therapeutic benefit: the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of fish oils. Food Technol. 40: 89-97, 1986.
Kinsella J.E.: Food lipids and fatty acids: Importance in food quality, nutrition and health. Food Technol 1988; 42 (10): 124-140.
Mc Creadie, R.C. Breastfeeding and Schizophrenia Preliminary Results & Hypotheses. British Journal of Psychiatry (1997), 170,334-337
Makrides, M., Newman M. A., Simmer, K., Pater, J., Gibson, R. A. A. Are Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Essential Nutrients in Infancy? Lancet (1995), 345, 1463-1468.
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ALFA YAKUNAAH
De los adaptógenos en general
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Rhodiola Rosea
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